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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Vertebral Artery Ultrasound.

Gowthaman Gunabushanam1, Lauren Kummant2, Leslie M Scoutt1

  • 1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT 06520-8042, USA.

Radiologic Clinics of North America
|April 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasound imaging of the vertebral artery is crucial for diagnosing stenosis and other pathologies. This review covers normal anatomy, scanning techniques, and Doppler waveform analysis for effective evaluation.

Keywords:
Spectral DopplerVertebral artery stenosisVertebral artery ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Ultrasound
  • Neurosonology
  • Interventional Radiology

Background:

  • Renewed interest in vertebral artery ultrasound due to increased stent placement for stenosis.
  • Vertebral artery waveform changes indicate proximal and distal neurovascular pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review normal anatomy and ultrasound appearance of the extracranial vertebral artery.
  • To discuss spectral Doppler waveform changes and diagnostic criteria for stenosis.
  • To cover non-atherosclerotic pathologies affecting the vertebral artery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of normal gray scale and color Doppler ultrasound.
  • Analysis of spectral Doppler waveform changes.
  • Discussion of ultrasound criteria for diagnosing vertebral artery stenosis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of normal vertebral artery ultrasound findings.
  • Differential diagnosis of spectral Doppler waveform abnormalities.
  • Imaging characteristics of non-atherosclerotic conditions like dissection, pseudoaneurysm, and arteriovenous fistula.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasound is a valuable tool for evaluating the extracranial vertebral artery.
  • Accurate interpretation of Doppler waveforms is key to diagnosing stenosis and other pathologies.
  • Understanding non-atherosclerotic conditions improves diagnostic accuracy.