Comparative evaluation of nano and bulk tin dioxide cytotoxicity on dermal fibroblasts by real-time impedance-based...

In this study, the possible cellular effects of tin dioxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles, together with its bulk form, on mouse dermal fibroblasts (DFs) were revealed using in vitro assays. Particle characterizations were carried out with AFM, Braun-Emmet-Teller, and DLS analyses. The cells were treated with nano and bulk SnO₂ at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 6, 24, and 48 h. At the end of the exposure periods, the morphology, viability, particle uptake, and membrane leakage statuses of the cells were evaluated. Furthermore, real-time monitoring of cell responses was performed by using an impedance-based label-free system. Findings showed that at concentrations of 0.1-10 μg/mL, cells had similar doubling time to that of control cells (20.4 ± 2.6 h), while the doubling time of cells exposed to 100 μg/mL of nano and bulk SnO₂ increased slightly (P ˃ 0.05) to 25.1 ± 3.9 h and 26.2 ± 5.9 h, respectively. The results indicated that DFs exhibited a similar toxicity response to nano and bulk SnO₂; thus, 50 and 100 μg/mL of nano and bulk SnO₂ had mild toxic effects on DFs. In conclusion, this study provides information and insight necessary for the safe use of SnO₂ in medical and consumer products.