Reconciling multiple genes trees via segmental duplications and losses

Reconciling gene trees with a species tree is a fundamental problem to understand the evolution of gene families. Many existing approaches reconcile each gene tree independently. However, it is well-known that the evolution of gene families is interconnected. In this paper, we extend a previous approach to reconcile a set of gene trees with a species tree based on segmental macro-evolutionary events, where segmental duplication events and losses are associated with cost $$ and $$ , respectively. We show that the problem is polynomial-time solvable when $$ (via LCA-mapping), while if $$ the problem is NP-hard, even when $$ and a single gene tree is given, solving a long standing open problem on the complexity of multi-gene reconciliation. On the positive side, we give a fixed-parameter algorithm for the problem, where the parameters are $$ and the number d of segmental duplications, of time complexity $$ . Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of this algorithm on two previously studied real datasets: we first show that our method can be used to confirm or raise doubt on hypothetical segmental duplications on a set of 16 eukaryotes, then show how we can detect whole genome duplications in yeast genomes.