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Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Auditory Perception01:17

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

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The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
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Overview of the Reproductive System01:31

Overview of the Reproductive System

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The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
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Auditory Brainstem Implantation: An Overview.

Nicholas L Deep1, Baishakhi Choudhury2, J Thomas Roland1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States.

Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part B, Skull Base
|April 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An auditory brainstem implant (ABI) offers an alternative for profound hearing loss when cochlear implants fail. This review covers ABI

Keywords:
auditory brainstem implantauditory nerveauditory prosthesiselectric stimulationhearing lossneurofibromatosis type 2

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Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Profound sensorineural hearing loss often necessitates advanced auditory prostheses.
  • Cochlear implants are standard, but not suitable for all patients, particularly those with absent cochlear nerves or cochleae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the device design, clinical evaluation, indications, surgical techniques, and outcomes of auditory brainstem implants (ABI).
  • To highlight ABI as a crucial option for hearing rehabilitation in specific patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical data on auditory brainstem implants.
  • Analysis of device characteristics, surgical approaches, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Auditory brainstem implants bypass the peripheral auditory system by directly stimulating the cochlear nucleus.
  • Established indications include neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and explored indications include trauma and cochlear malformations.
  • Growing experience in pediatric populations shows encouraging outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory brainstem implantation is a vital alternative for patients with profound hearing loss unsuitable for cochlear implantation.
  • The review provides a comprehensive overview of ABI for lateral skull base pathology management.