Lignin for Nano- and Microscaled Carrier Systems: Applications, Trends, and Challenges.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Sustainable Chemistry
• Chemical Engineering

Background:

• Renewable plant biomass is crucial for reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
• Lignin, a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry, possesses inherent biodegradability, safety, and sustainability.
• Lignin's potential for cargo delivery in various applications is significant.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the possibilities and constraints of using lignin for controlled release applications.
• To explore modifications and processing of lignin for effective loading and release of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and biological macromolecules.
• To critically discuss technical, regulatory, and toxicological aspects of lignin-based nanomaterials.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of lignin properties and modifications.
• Analysis of processing techniques for lignin-based materials.
• Critical discussion of challenges and future research directions.

Main Results:

• Lignin's physical-chemical properties influence its suitability for cargo delivery.
• Specific modifications and processing are required to optimize lignin for loading and release.
• Nano- and microscaled lignin materials show promise for sustainable applications.

Conclusions:

• Lignin is a viable, sustainable material for developing advanced delivery systems.
• Overcoming technical and regulatory challenges is key to realizing lignin's potential.
• Further research is needed to fully exploit lignin-based materials for societal benefit.