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Drag

Drag

Drag is a resistive force opposing an object’s motion through a fluid, resulting from surface pressure and shear forces. It comprises two components: a perpendicular one from pressure and a tangential one from shear stress. Accurate drag calculations use pressure and wall shear stress distributions, often determined through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) or wind tunnel testing. The drag coefficient, a dimensionless measure, depends on factors like shape, Reynolds number, Mach number,...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Polymers

Polymers

Drag Force and Terminal Speed

Drag Force and Terminal Speed

An interesting force in everyday life is the force of drag on an object when it is moving in a fluid. Like friction, the drag force always opposes the motion of an object. Unlike simple friction, the drag force is proportional to some function of the velocity of the object in that fluid. This functionality is complicated and depends upon the shape of the object, its size, its velocity, and the fluid it is in. For most large objects, such as cyclists, cars, and baseballs, that are not moving too...

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

A Bubble-Dragged Catalytic Polymer Microrocket.

Tieyan Si¹, Xian Zou¹, Zhiguang Wu^1,2

¹Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Physics department, School of Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Yi kuang jie 2, Harbin, 150080, China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal

|April 2, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a bubble-dragged microrocket using platinum nanoparticles. This novel propulsion system offers controlled, straight-line movement, enhancing its potential for targeted drug delivery and bacterial simulation.

Keywords:

bubble growth bubble propulsion polymers speed regulation tubular micro-/nanomotors

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Area of Science:

* Materials Science and Nanotechnology
* Fluid Dynamics and Micropropulsion

Background:

* Micro-scale propulsion is crucial for applications like targeted drug delivery and microscopic diagnostics.
* Conventional bubble-pushed microrockets often exhibit unstable, circular trajectories.
* Developing microrockets with controlled, linear motion remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

* To engineer a novel microrocket capable of stable, straight-line propulsion.
* To investigate the propulsion mechanism of a bubble-dragged microrocket.
* To evaluate the potential applications of this microrocket in drug delivery and biological simulations.

Main Methods:

* Fabrication of a functionalized multilayer polymer microrocket asymmetrically coated with platinum nanoparticles.
* Observation and analysis of microrocket movement during bubble growth and explosion in an aqueous medium.
* Characterization of the gas shock waves generated by bubble explosions and their effect on microrocket dynamics.

Main Results:

* The microrocket demonstrated controlled movement, being pushed back during bubble growth and dragged forward during bubble explosion.
* Bubble explosions generated ultrafast gas shock waves propagating in water.
* The bubble-dragged microrocket achieved approximate straight-line motion, unlike the fluctuating circular paths of bubble-pushed microrockets.

Conclusions:

* The bubble-dragged microrocket design enables stable, linear propulsion, overcoming limitations of previous designs.
* The ultrafast gas shock waves play a key role in the microrocket's controlled movement.
* This microrocket is a promising candidate for advanced drug delivery systems and as a model for rod-shaped bacteria research.