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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
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DNA Methylation Reprogramming during Mammalian Development.

Yang Zeng1,2,3, Taiping Chen4,5,6

  • 1Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1C, Smithville, TX 78957, USA. yzeng1@mdanderson.org.

Genes
|April 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is dynamically reprogrammed during development through two waves of demethylation and remethylation in germ cells and after fertilization, involving key enzymes.

Keywords:
DNA methylationDNMTsTETsembryogenesisgerm cells

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Mammalian Genetics

Background:

  • DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5mC) is a crucial epigenetic mark regulating chromatin structure and gene expression in mammals.
  • While generally stable in somatic cells, DNA methylation undergoes significant dynamic changes during development.
  • These dynamic changes are essential for proper development and inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical reprogramming events of DNA methylation during mammalian development.
  • To highlight the key molecular players involved in these epigenetic modifications.
  • To provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying germline and embryonic DNA methylation reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on DNA methylation dynamics.
  • Focus on the roles of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs).
  • Focus on the roles of ten-eleven translocation (TET) family dioxygenases.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian genomes undergo two major waves of DNA methylation reprogramming: one in the germline and another post-fertilization.
  • Germline reprogramming involves global demethylation in primordial germ cells (PGCs) and establishment of sex-specific patterns.
  • Post-fertilization reprogramming includes demethylation of gametic marks and establishment of embryonic patterns.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation reprogramming is a tightly regulated process essential for mammalian reproduction and development.
  • Distinct and shared mechanisms govern germline and embryonic DNA methylation waves.
  • DNMTs and TET enzymes are central to orchestrating these critical epigenetic transitions.