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Series R—L Circuit Transients01:22

Series R—L Circuit Transients

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In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
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Transient and Steady-state Response01:24

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In control systems, test signals are essential for evaluating performance under various conditions. The ramp function is effective for systems undergoing gradual changes, while the step function is suitable for assessing systems facing sudden disturbances. For systems subjected to shock inputs, the impulse function is the most appropriate test signal.
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun
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A high-throughput transient expression system for rice.

Mike T Page1, Martin A J Parry1, Elizabete Carmo-Silva1

  • 1Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.

Plant, Cell & Environment
|April 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a fast, cost-effective method for rice protoplast transformation, enabling high-throughput screening of transgenic expression cassettes. This accelerates crop improvement research by overcoming bottlenecks in the design-build-test cycle for genetically modified rice.

Keywords:
Golden GateOryza sativaRicecarboxysomecellular localisationconfocal microscopyhigh-throughputprotoplastssynthetic biologytransient expression

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural biotechnology
  • Plant molecular biology
  • Crop science

Background:

  • Rice is a crucial global food source, necessitating advancements in crop improvement for yield, nutrition, and climate resilience.
  • Biotechnological approaches, including transgene expression, are key to enhancing rice but face limitations with current high-throughput methods.
  • Existing transgenic expression systems often lack the speed and cost-efficiency required for modern molecular cloning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, cost-effective, and high-throughput protocol for transient gene expression in rice protoplasts.
  • To optimize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation of isolated rice protoplasts.
  • To facilitate the rapid screening of transgenic expression cassettes for applications in rice improvement.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of high-yield green rice protoplasts.
  • Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation of isolated rice protoplasts.
  • Investigation of factors influencing transformation efficiency.
  • Coupling the transient expression system with a high-throughput modular cloning system (e.g., Golden Gate).

Main Results:

  • A fast, cheap, robust, and high-throughput protocol for rice protoplast isolation and transformation was established.
  • The protocol does not require specialized equipment, making it accessible.
  • The system enables rapid screening of numerous transgenic expression cassettes prior to stable transformation.
  • Demonstrated rapid assessment of expression level, subcellular localization, and protein aggregation for nine gene cassettes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed transient expression system significantly accelerates the screening of transgenic expression cassettes in rice.
  • This method addresses the "design-build-test" bottleneck in crop biotechnology.
  • It provides a valuable tool for advancing rice improvement through efficient genetic engineering and molecular analysis.