Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
Published on: February 24, 2015
Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum Type E Toxin Formation by Potassium Chloride and Sodium Chloride in Hot-Process
G A Pelroy1, A Scherer1, M E Peterson1
1U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Utilization Research Division, NWAFC, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112.
Abstract:
Whitefish steaks were brined in NaCl, KCl, or equimolar NaCl:KCl to contain similar chloride ion concentration and inoculated intramuscularly with 10 or 100 spores of Clostridium botulinum type E per gram of fish. Steaks were then heated in a simulated (i.e., without smoke) hot-smoke process to internal temperatures of 62.8° to 76.7°C (145°-170°F) for the final 30 min of a 2- to 3-h process, packaged under vacuum in oxygen-impermeable film, and stored at abuse temperature of 25°C. During 7 d of storage, toxin production was inhibited in steaks containing more than 0.66 ionic strength NaCl, 0.64 KCl, or 0.71 equimolar NaCl:KCl. The results indicate that it is feasible to substitute KCl for NaCl in hot-process smoked fish for inhibition of outgrowth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type E.
Related Concept Videos
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting,...
Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides
Types of Toxins
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...

