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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview01:13

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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Clostridium difficile infection: review.

Jacek Czepiel1, Mirosław Dróżdż2, Hanna Pituch3

  • 1Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Śniadeckich 5, 31-501, Krakow, Poland. jacek.czepiel@uj.edu.pl.

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
|April 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection is a growing hospital threat. This review updates physicians on C. difficile infection diagnosis, treatments like vancomycin and fidaxomicin, and promising fecal microbiota transplantation therapies.

Keywords:
Antibiotic-associated diarrheaClostridium difficileDiagnosisFecal transplantationTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a common Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus found in human and animal intestinal tracts and the environment.
  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading hospital-acquired infection, with increasing frequency and severity globally.
  • Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, with key risk factors including antibiotic therapy, advanced age, and institutionalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide physicians with an updated review of current scientific knowledge regarding Clostridium difficile infection.
  • To focus on diagnostic methods, standard and emerging treatments, and the potential of fecal microbiota transplantation for CDI.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current scientific knowledge on Clostridium difficile infection.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches, including toxin detection assays.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic options, including antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.

Main Results:

  • Clostridium difficile infection presents a spectrum of illness, from asymptomatic carriage to life-threatening colitis.
  • Diagnosis relies on detecting C. difficile toxins in stool, but no single test is definitive.
  • Current antibiotic treatments include vancomycin and fidaxomicin, with metronidazole being less effective.

Conclusions:

  • Clostridium difficile infection remains a significant clinical challenge, necessitating updated knowledge for effective management.
  • Fecal microbiota transplantation is emerging as a highly promising therapeutic option for recurrent or refractory CDI.
  • A comprehensive understanding of CDI epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment is crucial for improving patient outcomes.