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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.9K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

90.0K
Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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Scatter Plot01:15

Scatter Plot

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The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a relationship between the variables. A clear direction happens when there is either:
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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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Superresolution stimulated Raman scattering microscopy using 2-ENZ nano-composites.

Sergey S Kharintsev1, Anton V Kharitonov, Alexander M Alekseev

  • 1Department of Optics and Nanophotonics, Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, 16, Kazan, 420008, Russia. Sergey.Kharintsev@kpfu.ru.

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|April 5, 2019
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Summary

This study introduces a novel multimode superlens using titanium oxynitride (TiON) thin films. This superlens achieves sub-wavelength resolution for advanced optical imaging and applications like Raman lasing.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Superlensing enables sub-wavelength resolution in optical imaging.
  • Surface plasmon resonances in metal-dielectric nanostructures are key for optical bandwidth expansion, but typically excite at a single frequency.
  • Existing methods for exciting surface plasmon resonances often require bulky components like prisms or gratings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a multimode far-field superlens.
  • To utilize titanium oxynitride (TiON) thin films for enhanced optical properties.
  • To achieve super-resolution imaging and explore new applications in optics and photonics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of disordered metal-dielectric refractory nano-composite TiON thin films.
  • Characterization of the double epsilon-near-zero (2-ENZ) behavior near the percolation threshold.
  • Experimental observation of stimulated Raman gain emission using low-power continuous-wave laser excitation.

Main Results:

  • TiON films exhibit double epsilon-near-zero (2-ENZ) behavior, facilitating direct super-coupling of light to surface plasmon resonances.
  • Achieved super-resolution of <λ/80 in the near-field and <λ/8 in the far-field.
  • Enhanced third-order optical nonlinearity and four-wave mixing were identified as mechanisms for superresolution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed TiON-based multimode superlens offers tunable far-field superlensing capabilities.
  • This technology enables efficient super-coupling without external components.
  • Potential impacts include diffraction-free microscopy, random Raman lasing, and broadband thermophotovoltaics.