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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

948
Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
948
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
1.2K
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

33.7K
The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
33.7K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

8.7K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
8.7K
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

23.0K
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
23.0K
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

23.1K
Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
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In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

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Nanoparticle assisted nuclear relaxation-based oligonucleotide detection.

Rebecca N Silva1, Anjaly N Vijayan1, Emily Westbrook1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|April 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel gadolinium phthalocyanine (GdTcPc)-based nanoparticle system for detecting DNA. The method offers a simple, fast, and selective approach for potential point-of-care diagnostics.

Keywords:
DNA sensingGadolinium ionNuclear relaxationParamagnetic nanoparticlePhthalocyanine

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Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis
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Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis
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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Developing sensitive and selective DNA detection methods is crucial for diagnostics.
  • Existing methods may lack speed, simplicity, or point-of-care applicability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a proof-of-concept "on-off" nuclear relaxation-based detection scheme for DNA.
  • To utilize gadolinium phthalocyanine (GdTcPc)-grafted silica nanoparticles as paramagnetic contrast agents.

Main Methods:

  • Conjugating a DNA probe to GdTcPc-grafted silica nanoparticles.
  • Measuring changes in the transverse relaxation time (T2) of water protons in solution.
  • Correlating T2 changes with target DNA concentration.

Main Results:

  • An increase in T2 value was observed in the presence of complementary target DNA.
  • The T2 increase was proportional to target DNA concentration.
  • A linear detection range of 30-140 nM and a limit of detection of 15 nM were established.

Conclusions:

  • The developed nuclear relaxation-based scheme is a simple, fast, and selective DNA detection method.
  • This approach shows promise for point-of-care diagnostic applications.
  • Paramagnetic nanoparticles offer a versatile platform for biosensing.