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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Sanger Sequencing01:57

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

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An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
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Probiotics in the next-generation sequencing era.

Jotham Suez1, Niv Zmora1,2,3, Eran Elinav1,4

  • 1Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Gut Microbes
|April 6, 2019
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Summary

Resident gut bacteria can resist probiotics, limiting their effects. Antibiotics may help probiotics engage with the host, but hinder microbiome recovery. Advanced microbiome research methods are key to understanding probiotic efficacy and safety.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Probiotics
  • Host-microbe interactions

Background:

  • Recent technological advances like DNA sequencing and culturomics have accelerated microbiome research.
  • Understanding probiotic mechanisms, their interaction with the gut microbiome, and host effects is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how resident gut bacteria influence probiotic efficacy.
  • To explore the impact of antibiotics on probiotic-host interactions and microbiome dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced techniques including massively parallel DNA sequencing, gnotobiotics, metabolomics, RNA sequencing, and culturomics.
  • Studied probiotic supplementation in individuals, assessing mucosal presence and host transcriptional changes.
  • Examined the effects of antibiotic treatment on probiotic colonization and microbiome recovery.

Main Results:

  • A subset of individuals exhibited resistance from resident gut bacteria, limiting probiotic modulation of the microbiome and host gene expression.
  • Antibiotic treatment partially overcame this resistance, facilitating probiotic-host interaction at the mucosal interface.
  • Probiotics, post-antibiotics, inhibited microbiome and host transcriptional profile return to pre-antibiotic states.

Conclusions:

  • Resident gut bacteria can resist probiotic colonization, impacting their therapeutic potential.
  • Antibiotics alter the context of probiotic administration, with implications for microbiome reconstitution.
  • Integrating cutting-edge microbiome research methodologies is essential for advancing probiotic understanding, efficacy, and safety.