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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Area of Science:

  • Radiation oncology
  • Neuroscience
  • Preclinical animal models

Background:

  • Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) is increasingly used for tumors near the spinal cord.
  • Understanding the tolerance of spinal nerves to radiation is crucial for safe treatment planning.
  • Previous studies have established spinal cord radiation tolerance, but spinal nerve tolerance requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the dose-response relationship for neuropathy following single-session irradiation of C6-C8 spinal nerves in a pig model.
  • To test the hypothesis that spinal nerves and the spinal cord share similar tolerance limits to radiation.
  • To establish the effective dose in 50% of subjects (ED50) for radiation-induced neuropathy in spinal nerves.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five Yucatan minipigs underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for treatment planning.
  • Single-session stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) was delivered to a 1.5-cm segment of the left-sided C6, C7, and C8 spinal nerves.
  • Pigs were assigned to 5 dose groups (16-24 Gy prescription dose) and monitored for ~52 weeks via electrodiagnostic tests and gait analysis. Histopathology was performed on irradiated nerves and spinal cords.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen out of 25 pigs exhibited significant gait changes, indicative of neuropathy.
  • Electromyography confirmed denervation in muscles innervated by C6 and C7 spinal nerves in affected animals.
  • The ED50 for gait change was determined to be 19.7 Gy, with latency of 9-15 weeks. Histopathology revealed demyelination and fibrosis in irradiated nerves, with normal contralateral nerves and spinal cord.

Conclusions:

  • The effective dose for 50% of subjects (ED50) experiencing symptomatic neuropathy after spinal nerve irradiation was 19.7 Gy.
  • The dose-response for C6-C8 spinal nerves demonstrated no significant difference compared to the spinal cord's tolerance in similar studies.
  • These findings suggest that spinal nerves and the spinal cord may have comparable radiosensitivity, informing future radiation therapy protocols.