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Related Concept Videos

Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

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A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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Motor Units01:13

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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Assessment of Sensory Thresholds in Dogs Using Mechanical and Hot Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing
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Cortical motor threshold determination in dogs.

R Dockx1, C Baeken2, L Vlerick3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.

Research in Veterinary Science
|April 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cortical motor threshold (CMT) in dogs is reliably measured using the visual Rossini paradigm and remains stable over time. Higher CMT values are observed with electromyography (EMG) and general anesthesia.

Keywords:
AnaesthesiaCoil-cortex distanceCortical motor thresholdDogElectromyographyTranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a therapeutic tool in humans, requiring accurate cortical motor threshold (CMT) assessment for efficacy and safety.
  • Dogs represent a potential natural animal model for TMS research, necessitating a reliable method for CMT measurement in this species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the repeatability and reliability of CMT measurement in dogs using a visual descending staircase paradigm (Rossini paradigm).
  • To compare the CMT measured with the visual paradigm versus an electromyographic (EMG) variant.
  • To investigate the influence of high-frequency repetitive TMS (HF-rTMS) on CMT.
  • To evaluate CMT under sedation and general anesthesia.
  • To determine the association between CMT and factors like coil-cortex distance, weight, age, and gender in dogs.

Main Methods:

  • The study employed a visual descending staircase paradigm (Rossini paradigm) for CMT measurement in dogs.
  • Repeatability was assessed over one year with three measurements.
  • CMT was compared between the visual method and an EMG-variant.
  • The effect of a HF-rTMS protocol on CMT was examined.
  • CMT was measured under sedation and general anesthesia.
  • Correlation analyses were performed between CMT and coil-cortex distance, weight, age, and gender.

Main Results:

  • The CMT measured using the visual Rossini paradigm demonstrated good repeatability over time.
  • A significantly higher CMT (40% greater machine output) was recorded when using EMG (P < .001) and under general anesthesia (P = .005).
  • HF-rTMS treatment did not influence the CMT.
  • Male dogs exhibited a larger coil-cortex distance (5.2 mm) and higher CMT (11.81%).
  • CMT showed a positive linear association with weight and age (P < .05).
  • A positive linear association between CMT and coil-cortex distance was found specifically in female dogs (P = .02).

Conclusions:

  • The visual Rossini paradigm provides a reliable method for measuring CMT in dogs over time and during TMS treatment.
  • Clinicians should anticipate higher CMT values when employing EMG or performing measurements under general anesthesia.
  • Factors influencing coil-cortex distance, similar to humans, also impact CMT in dogs, highlighting the importance of consistent measurement techniques.