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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Rudolph Virchow discovered spindle-shaped cells called fibroblasts in 1858. Inactive fibroblasts, called fibrocytes, become activated by various stimuli, such as growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Activated fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing, inflammation, formation of new blood vessels, and cancer progression. Uncontrolled activation of fibroblasts results in fibrosis, the excess deposition of fibrous tissue, which can lead to scarring and affect normal organs. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Measuring Granulocyte and Monocyte Phagocytosis and Oxidative Burst Activity in Human Blood
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Human Pulp Fibroblast Implication in Phagocytosis via Complement Activation.

Chloé Le Fournis1, Christina Hadjichristou2, Charlotte Jeanneau1

  • 1Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.

Journal of Endodontics
|April 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human pulp fibroblasts produce complement C3b protein, which opsonizes bacteria. This process significantly enhances bacteria phagocytosis, highlighting fibroblasts

Keywords:
Cariogenic bacteriacarious lesiondental pulpinflammationopsonizationphagocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Dental Research

Background:

  • Human pulp fibroblasts synthesize all complement components, crucial for local immune responses in the dental pulp.
  • Complement activation in dental pulp is implicated in inflammation, regeneration, and pathogen destruction via membrane attack complex formation.
  • Bacterial elimination often involves opsonization with complement C3b protein for phagocytosis by cells expressing CR1 receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if pulp fibroblasts produce complement C3b protein.
  • To investigate the role of fibroblast-produced C3b in bacteria phagocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated C3b expression in human carious and healthy pulp tissues.
  • Stimulated cultured human pulp fibroblasts with lipoteichoic acid to quantify C3b secretion.
  • Utilized immunofluorescence to study C3b fixation on bacteria and THP-1 cell CR1 receptors.
  • Employed a gentamycin protection assay to assess the role of C3b in phagocytosis.

Main Results:

  • Pulp cells constitutively express C3b in vivo, and cultured fibroblasts produce it.
  • Observed C3b fixation on bacterial surfaces (opsonization) and THP-1 CR1 receptors.
  • Fibroblast-derived C3b significantly increased bacteria phagocytosis.

Conclusions:

  • Pulp fibroblasts actively mediate phagocytosis by producing and secreting C3b protein.
  • Fibroblast-mediated C3b opsonization enhances bacterial clearance.
  • These findings underscore a significant role for fibroblasts in the local regulation of dental pulp inflammation.