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Related Concept Videos

Tight Junctions01:29

Tight Junctions

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Tight junctions are molecular seals between cells that prevent the leaking of fluids, ions, and other small solutes across cavities and compartments in multicellular organisms. They are mainly composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, and other proteins such as tricellulin and JAM (junctional adhesion molecule). All these proteins are 4-pass transmembrane proteins, except JAM, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The...
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Non-verbal communication extends beyond gestures and facial expressions to include vocal elements known as paralanguage. Paralanguage consists of non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, loudness, speech rate, pauses, and non-verbal vocalizations like laughter, sighs, and moans. These elements not only accompany speech but also provide critical emotional and contextual information.The Role of Paralanguage in CommunicationParalanguage adds depth to spoken language by conveying emotions and...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Generating a Fractal Microstructure of Laminin-111 to Signal to Cells
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Hang on tight: reprogramming the cell with microstructural cues.

Long V Le1, Michael A Mkrtschjan2, Brenda Russell3

  • 1Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, 1700 4th St Rm 204, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.

Biomedical Microdevices
|April 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microscale hydrogels restore cellular mechanical forces lost after tissue injury. These synthetic materials reprogram cell behavior by mimicking the extracellular matrix, aiding in disease treatment and drug testing.

Keywords:
CytoskeletonDrug deliveryExtracellular matrixFocal adhesionHydrogelMechanotransductionMicrofabricationMicrotopography

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Cells interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) via mechanosensitive components, maintaining mechanical balance.
  • Tissue injury degrades ECM, disrupts cell-ECM contacts, and causes cytoskeletal tension loss, leading to disease.
  • Pathological cell transformation results from disrupted mechanical signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of mechanosensitive interactions in cellular reprogramming.
  • To discuss the use of microscale hydrogel constructs for restoring cell-ECM interactions.
  • To explore applications in drug testing and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of mechanobiology principles in cell-ECM interactions.
  • Discussion of microscale hydrogel fabrication and functionalization.
  • Analysis of cellular reprogramming via synthetic microdomains.

Main Results:

  • Microscale hydrogels provide focal adhesion sites, restoring cytoskeletal tension.
  • Synthetic anchors recapitulate native ECM architecture and microtopographical cues.
  • Mechanical deformation of cell surface proteins activates signaling cascades for gene transcription modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Materials-based approaches using microscale hydrogels offer a unique strategy for cell reprogramming.
  • These constructs can restore mechanical homeostasis and modulate cell behavior.
  • Investigated materials show promise for drug testing and therapeutic interventions.