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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electron Behavior00:54

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Electronic cigarettes in physician practice: a complex debate.

Emily Stone1, Henry Marshall2

  • 1Department of Thoracic Medicine and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

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|April 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) show potential for smoking cessation, but evidence on their effectiveness and safety is still developing. Recommending ENDS for cessation requires careful consideration of complex factors, not an ethical mandate.

Keywords:
ENDSe-cigarettesmoking cessationtobacco control

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Nicotine Science

Background:

  • Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are proposed as smoking cessation aids.
  • Existing evidence on ENDS efficacy and safety for smoking cessation is limited and often flawed.
  • Concerns persist regarding ENDS uptake by non-smoking populations, including adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current evidence base for ENDS in smoking cessation.
  • To address claims that not recommending ENDS for cessation is unethical.
  • To provide a framework for clinicians considering ENDS in smoking cessation interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on ENDS for smoking cessation.
  • Analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials.
  • Examination of ethical considerations in clinical practice.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for ENDS efficacy in smoking cessation remains inconclusive due to study limitations.
  • Concerns about adolescent uptake and long-term safety require further investigation.
  • Current evidence does not support a strong ethical obligation to recommend ENDS for cessation.

Conclusions:

  • The recommendation of ENDS for smoking cessation is complex and requires careful clinical judgment.
  • Further high-quality research is needed to establish definitive efficacy and safety profiles.
  • Clinicians should weigh potential benefits against risks and uncertainties when advising patients.