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Related Concept Videos

Retarders01:19

Retarders

259
Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...
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Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

29.4K

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Mixtures of Acids03:27

Mixtures of Acids

21.6K
The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid).

Benjamin Tawiah1, Bin Yu2, Bin Fei3

  • 1Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. benjamin.tawiah@connect.polyu.hk.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing eco-friendly flame retardants (FRs) for polylactic acid (PLA) is crucial. This review covers sustainable FRs like metal oxides and nanomaterials to improve PLA

Keywords:
1D nanomaterials2D nanomaterialsflame retardantsmechanical propertiesmetals oxide fillersphosphorus fillerspoly(lactic acid) (PLA)

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Fire Safety Engineering

Background:

  • Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widely used commodity polymer.
  • Its high flammability and melt dripping limit its use as a replacement for petrochemical plastics.
  • Traditional organohalogen flame retardants pose environmental and health risks due to bioaccumulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of new, environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA.
  • To address the limitations of current flame-retardant solutions for PLA.
  • To maintain the integrity and performance of PLA in various applications.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of recent advancements in PLA flame retardancy.
  • Focus on sustainable FR systems including metal oxides, phosphorus-based compounds, nanomaterials, and hyperbranched polymers.
  • Analysis of the correlation between FR loading, efficiency, and impact on PLA's processing and mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • Various sustainable FR systems show promise for enhancing PLA's fire resistance.
  • Metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D/1D nanomaterials, and hyperbranched polymers are effective FRs for PLA.
  • Combinations of FRs can offer synergistic effects for improved flame retardancy.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant trend towards developing sustainable flame retardants for PLA.
  • The reviewed FR systems offer viable alternatives to traditional, hazardous flame retardants.
  • Further research is needed to optimize FR loading and understand their impact on PLA's long-term performance.