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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Related Experiment Video

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Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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B cell checkpoints in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Samuel J S Rubin1,2,3, Michelle S Bloom1,2,3, William H Robinson4,5,6

  • 1Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
|April 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

B cells play a key role in autoimmune diseases by producing autoantibodies and presenting antigens. Targeting B cell immune checkpoints offers a promising therapeutic strategy for these conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • B cells are crucial in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic conditions.
  • Beyond autoantibody production, B cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and produce cytokines, contributing to autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of B cell immune checkpoints in regulating B cell functions.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting these checkpoints in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on B cell immunology and autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of B cell activation, effector functions, and regulation by immune checkpoints.

Main Results:

  • B cell activation and function are modulated by both activating and inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors.
  • These checkpoints influence B cell tolerance, activation, antigen presentation, T cell help, class switching, and cytokine production.
  • Activating receptors include B cell activating receptors and Toll-like receptors; inhibitory receptors regulate B cell development and function.

Conclusions:

  • B cell immune checkpoints are critical regulators of B cell activity in autoimmunity.
  • Targeting B cell checkpoints presents a promising therapeutic avenue for treating autoimmune rheumatic diseases.