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Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

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Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Measuring and regulating oxygen levels in microphysiological systems: design, material, and sensor considerations.

Kristina R Rivera1, Murat A Yokus, Patrick D Erb

  • 1Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. mdaniel6@ncsu.edu.

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Microphysiological systems (MPS) require precise oxygen regulation for biomimetic cellular studies. This review compares oxygen sensor technologies for optimizing oxygen microenvironments in MPS research.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cellular Physiology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Microphysiological systems (MPS) offer advanced 2D cell culture alternatives for modeling human physiology.
  • Oxygen levels fluctuate in vivo, impacting cellular metabolism, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis.
  • Current MPS often lack controlled oxygen microenvironments, limiting their biomimicry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review oxygen physiology relevant to organ systems.
  • To compare organ-specific MPS based on oxygen microenvironment considerations.
  • To evaluate materials for oxygen control in MPS.
  • To critically assess oxygen sensor technologies for MPS applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of oxygen physiology and MPS.
  • Comparative analysis of organ-specific MPS designs.
  • Evaluation of materials used in microphysiological models.
  • Critical comparison of oxygen sensing technologies.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen regulation is crucial for biomimetic MPS.
  • Various MPS designs exist, with differing approaches to oxygen control.
  • Material selection impacts oxygen regulation capabilities.
  • Multiple oxygen sensing technologies offer distinct advantages and limitations for MPS.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing oxygen microenvironments is essential for advancing MPS research.
  • Sensitive, real-time oxygen sensors are needed for accurate quantification in microdevices.
  • Careful selection of materials and sensor technologies is key to developing effective MPS.