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A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
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Amygdala Modulation During Emotion Regulation Training With fMRI-Based Neurofeedback.

Ana Rita Barreiros1, Inês Almeida1, Bárbara Correia Baía1

  • 1CIBIT, ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health-and CNC.IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.

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Summary

Real-time fMRI-neurofeedback shows promise for modulating amygdala activity during emotion regulation training. However, study design inconsistencies limit quantitative analysis, highlighting the need for standardized protocols and outcome measures.

Keywords:
amygdalaemotion regulationfMRIneurofeedbacksystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Emotion regulation involves brain networks, with the amygdala playing a core role.
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback offers a potential method for targeted brain activity modulation.
  • No systematic review had previously assessed the effectiveness of fMRI-neurofeedback on amygdala modulation for emotion regulation.

Approach:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science.
  • Key terms included 'neurofeedback', 'emotion regulation', and 'fMRI', with variations for broader coverage.
  • Nineteen original research articles reporting amygdala modulation via real-time fMRI-neurofeedback (rtfMRI-NF) were included for qualitative analysis.

Key Points:

  • Evidence suggests rtfMRI-NF can modulate amygdala activity during emotion regulation.
  • Study heterogeneity in outcome measures prevented quantitative meta-analysis; a qualitative analysis was performed.
  • Critical features for intervention quality include Practice Runs, Transfer Runs, Control Groups, and effective emotion regulation strategies like autobiographical memory recall.
  • Most studies lacked a Regulated vs. Control Condition within sessions, hindering valid inference of neuromodulation.

Conclusions:

  • Despite limitations, qualitative evidence supports amygdala modulation through rtfMRI-NF.
  • Well-controlled studies demonstrated positive effects.
  • Future research requires standardized guidelines for study design, protocol structure, and outcome measures to enable quantitative estimation of neuromodulatory effects.