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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Cardiovascular System01:14

Overview of the Cardiovascular System

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The cardiovascular system is a vital transportation system in the body. It comprises the heart and blood vessels and facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
Heart
The heart is the central pump of the cardiovascular system that circulates blood throughout the body. It comprises two atria receiving the blood and two ventricles pumping blood out of the heart. Their rhythmic contractions, called heartbeats, ensure that blood flow remains continuous.
Blood Vessels
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Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

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The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...
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Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection01:29

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection

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Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Testing Acetylcholine Followed by Adenosine for Invasive Diagnosis of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders
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Adenosine and the Cardiovascular System.

Allison B Reiss1, David Grossfeld2, Lora J Kasselman2

  • 1Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. AReiss@NYUWinthrop.org.

American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs : Drugs, Devices, and Other Interventions
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine, a natural compound, protects the cardiovascular system by managing cholesterol and inflammation. Its A2A receptor is key for these effects, offering potential for new heart disease therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside regulating cardiovascular physiology.
  • It possesses cardioprotective properties including cholesterol homeostasis, anti-inflammation, and anti-platelet effects.
  • Adenosine's functions are mediated via four G-protein coupled receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review adenosine's effects on arterial wall cells in atherosclerosis.
  • To discuss adenosine receptor ligands for limiting cholesterol accumulation.
  • To explore adenosine's anti-platelet effects and clinical applications in cardiovascular disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cell culture studies.
  • Analysis of animal experiments.
  • Examination of human clinical trials.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine modulates cholesterol transport, protecting macrophages from lipid overload.
  • The A2A receptor mediates adenosine's anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects.
  • Adenosine receptor agonists and anti-platelet agents show therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine and its receptor ligands are promising for cardiovascular disease treatment.
  • Targeting adenosine pathways may improve outcomes in patients with atherosclerosis.
  • Further research into adenosine's role in cardiovascular health is warranted.