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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
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Space Charge Effects on Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Juan Fernandez de la Mora1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, PO Box 8286, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA. juan.delamora@yale.edu.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The space charge limit for ion transmission in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was studied. High ion densities approaching the saturation limit cause significant peak broadening, impacting quantitative measurements.

Keywords:
Differential mobility analyzerIon mobility spectrometryPeak broadeningSpace charge

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful analytical technique.
  • Understanding ion transmission limits is crucial for optimizing IMS performance.
  • Space charge effects significantly influence ion cloud behavior in electric fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the space charge limited maximal current density (j″) of mobility-selected ions in IMS.
  • To develop and validate a theory for ion transmission considering diffusion and space charge effects.
  • To experimentally determine the impact of high ion densities on ion mobility peak shapes.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling incorporating diffusion and space charge effects, reducing to Burgers' equation.
  • Experimental validation using differential mobility analyzers (DMAs).
  • Utilizing room temperature electrosprays (ES) of [ethyl₃N⁺-formate⁻] in methanol to generate high concentrations of a single ionic species.

Main Results:

  • A theoretical framework was established for space charge limited current density (j″sat).
  • Experiments achieved ion densities (n) exceeding 3.10⁸ ions/cm³, approaching the space charge saturation limit (nsat).
  • High ion densities resulted in drastically broadened mobility peak shapes, approximating top-hat predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Space charge repulsion significantly broadens ion beams as ion density approaches saturation.
  • The developed theory accurately describes diffusion and space charge effects.
  • Quantitative measurements are limited at the highest ion densities due to incomplete slit filling.