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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Diagnostic Strategies and Biomarker Development for Comprehensive Lung Function Analysis
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Diagnostic Strategies and Biomarker Development for Comprehensive Lung Function Analysis

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Advances in spirometry testing for lung function analysis.

Agnaldo José Lopes1,2

  • 1a Medical Sciences , State University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
|April 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spirometry, a key lung function test, is underused and misinterpreted. New metrics, improved reference equations, and accessible technology can enhance its accurate interpretation for diagnosing respiratory conditions.

Keywords:
Spirometryasthmachronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseeducationnew technologiespulmonary functionreference equations

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Spirometry is the primary test for lung function assessment.
  • Underutilization and misinterpretation of spirometry parameters are significant concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in spirometry, including new metrics, reference equations, and technology.
  • To address challenges in spirometry utilization and interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on spirometry-derived metrics.
  • Analysis of new reference equations, such as the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI).
  • Examination of technological innovations in spirometry devices.

Main Results:

  • New spirometry metrics and traditional criteria aid in identifying lung disease.
  • The GLI equations offer broader age and ethnic coverage but have data limitations.
  • Technological advances promise increased accessibility and user-friendliness.

Conclusions:

  • Improving spirometry access and awareness is crucial to overcome underutilization.
  • Enhanced metrics and updated reference equations improve diagnostic accuracy.
  • Further development is needed to address limitations in current reference equations and expand global data representation.