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Related Concept Videos

Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Building Finite Element Models to Investigate Zebrafish Jaw Biomechanics
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Biomechanical Analysis of Different Lumbar Interspinous Process Devices: A Finite Element Study.

Hangkai Shen1, Guy R Fogel2, Jia Zhu3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.

World Neurosurgery
|April 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Interspinous process devices (IPDs) offer lumbar spinal stenosis treatment. The DIAM device showed the most comparable biomechanical results to an intact spine, potentially reducing adjacent segment degeneration.

Keywords:
Facet joint forceFinite element methodInterspinous process deviceIntradiscal pressureLumbar biomechanics

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal biomechanics
  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Finite element analysis

Background:

  • Interspinous process devices (IPDs) are an alternative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis.
  • The biomechanical effects of different IPD designs on intradiscal pressure (IDP) and facet joint force (FJF) require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biomechanical performance of different interspinous process devices (IPDs) using a finite element (FE) method.

Main Methods:

  • A validated L1-5 finite element (FE) model was developed.
  • Four surgical FE models were created by inserting different implants (Coflex-F, DIAM, Wallis, pedicle screw system) at the L3-4 segment.
  • Four motion modes were simulated.

Main Results:

  • IPDs significantly decreased range of motion (ROM) in flexion/extension but had minimal impact on lateral bending/torsion.
  • Coflex-F offered superior stabilization but increased adjacent facet joint force (FJF) in extension.
  • The DIAM device demonstrated the most comparable ROM, IDP, and adjacent FJF to the intact spine.

Conclusions:

  • Compared to rigid fixation, IPDs showed less adjacent segment compensation (ROM, IDP, FJF).
  • This may potentially reduce the long-term incidence of adjacent segment degeneration.