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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
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Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

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Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
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Microorganisms are classified as acidophiles, neutrophiles, or alkaliphiles based on their pH growth preferences, reflecting their adaptations to specific environments. Maintaining a stable intracellular pH is critical for macromolecular stability and enzymatic activity, which can be challenged by external pH variations.Neutrophiles, such as Escherichia coli, grow optimally between pH 5.5 and 8.0. These microorganisms inhabit neutral or slightly acidic environments and employ mechanisms like...
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Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Developmental Toxicity Assay Based on Real-Time Monitoring of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Disruption in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Nuclear Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Skeletal Development and Disease.

Creighton T Tuzon1, Diana Rigueur1, Amy E Merrill2,3

  • 1Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.

Current Osteoporosis Reports
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Nuclear fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) regulate gene transcription and are crucial for skeletal development. Understanding their translocation and function offers insights into skeletal disorders and cancers.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are key regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation.
  • While membrane-bound FGFRs are well-studied, the role of nuclear FGFRs is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of nuclear FGFR translocation.
  • To highlight the impact of nuclear FGFRs on skeletal development and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on FGFR nuclear translocation.
  • Analysis of the functional consequences of nuclear FGFRs on gene expression and epigenetic modifications.

Main Results:

  • FGFRs translocate to the nucleus via endocytosis or proteolytic release.
  • Nuclear FGFRs interact with chromatin remodelers, influencing gene transcription.
  • Dysregulation of nuclear FGFRs is implicated in congenital skeletal disorders and cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear FGFRs play a critical role in skeletal development and homeostasis.
  • Understanding nuclear FGFR functions is vital for advancing treatments for FGFR-related skeletal diseases and cancers.