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Related Concept Videos

Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.6K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Developing High Performance GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells
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Gradient-band-gap strategy for efficient solid-state PbS quantum-dot sensitized solar cells.

Chengfeng Ma1, Chengwu Shi, Kai Lv

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China. shicw506@foxmail.com shicw506@hfut.edu.cn.

Nanoscale
|April 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gradient-band-gap quantum-dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) were developed using a simple SILAR method. This approach significantly improved charge separation and open-circuit voltage (Voc) in solid-state QDSCs.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Solid-state quantum-dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) are promising for renewable energy applications.
  • Improving charge separation and open-circuit voltage (Voc) are key challenges for enhancing QDSC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop gradient-band-gap lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots for improved solid-state QDSCs.
  • To investigate the effect of gradient band-gap engineering on photovoltaic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gradient-band-gap PbS quantum dots using a two-step spin-coating and successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR) method.
  • Characterization of solid-state QDSCs with gradient and inverse gradient band-gap structures.
  • Performance evaluation under 1 sun and 0.5 sun illumination.

Main Results:

  • Gradient-band-gap PbS QDSCs achieved a higher Voc (0.70 V) and photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) (4.08%) compared to inverse gradient structures (Voc 0.59 V, PCE 1.69%).
  • Optimized gradient-band-gap QDSCs reached a Voc of 0.65 V and a PCE of 6.29% under 1 sun.
  • The highest PCE achieved was 7.21% under 0.5 sun illumination.

Conclusions:

  • The SILAR method enables facile construction of gradient-band-gap PbS quantum dots.
  • Gradient band-gap engineering is an effective strategy to enhance Voc and PCE in solid-state QDSCs.
  • Achieved PCE of 6.29% represents a record for solid-state QDSCs fabricated via SILAR.