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Related Concept Videos

Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Pleura of the Lungs01:13

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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Breathing01:05

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
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Congenital Lung Malformations.

John Palla, Marianna M Sockrider

    Pediatric Annals
    |April 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Congenital lung malformations (CLMs) are diverse lung anomalies with unpredictable prenatal growth. This review covers common CLMs, their management, and treatment controversies.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Pulmonology
    • Thoracic Surgery
    • Neonatal Medicine

    Background:

    • Congenital lung malformations (CLMs) represent a spectrum of developmental anomalies in the respiratory tract.
    • Their prenatal growth is unpredictable, with potential for severe complications like hydrops fetalis or asymptomatic presentation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review common CLMs, including congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformations, bronchopulmonary sequestrations, congenital lobar emphysema, and bronchogenic cysts.
    • To discuss their pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and current management controversies.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of common congenital lung malformations.
    • Analysis of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic considerations.

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  • Examination of current management strategies and controversies.

    • Main Results:

    • Common CLMs share similar symptomatic presentations but differ in pathophysiology.
    • Management strategies vary, with ongoing debate regarding optimal treatment approaches.
    • Prenatal growth patterns and potential for regression influence clinical outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the distinct pathophysiologic features of each CLM is crucial for effective evaluation and treatment.
    • Current literature highlights controversies in CLM management, necessitating individualized patient care.
    • Further research is needed to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for congenital lung malformations.