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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key...
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Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete01:16

Tensile Strength Considerations of Concrete

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Considering the tensile strength of concrete involves recognizing that the theoretical strength of cement paste can be up to a thousand times higher than what is observed in practical applications. This significant discrepancy is largely attributed to the presence of microscopic cracks within the concrete. These cracks tend to amplify stress at their tips when a load is applied, a phenomenon explained by Griffith's theory of brittle fracture.
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Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems
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CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Base Editing: Technical Considerations and Practical Applications.

Kutubuddin A Molla1, Yinong Yang2

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, and Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India.

Trends in Biotechnology
|April 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Base editing, a CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing tool, precisely converts nucleotides without DNA breaks. New base editors improve specificity and reduce unintended edits, showing promise for genetic disease treatments and crop development.

Keywords:
CRISPR/Cas9adenine base editorcrop improvementcytosine base editorhuman therapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • CRISPR/Cas genome editing is a rapidly advancing field.
  • Base editing offers precise nucleotide conversion without double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of various base editors.
  • To assess their technical advantages and limitations.
  • To discuss their broad applications in research, medicine, and agriculture.

Main Methods:

  • Review of CRISPR/Cas-based base-editing platforms.
  • Analysis of base editor components (impaired nucleases and deaminases).
  • Evaluation of editing efficiency, specificity, and limitations (e.g., PAM compatibility, bystander editing).

Main Results:

  • Diverse base-editing platforms have been developed by combining impaired CRISPR/Cas variants with deaminases.
  • New base editors demonstrate reduced unintended genomic modifications.
  • These editors address limitations like specificity, PAM compatibility, and editing windows.

Conclusions:

  • Base editing technology holds significant potential for treating genetic diseases.
  • Advancements in base editing can lead to the development of improved agricultural crops.
  • Base editors are valuable tools for basic research, medicine, and agriculture.