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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

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Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
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Faraday's Law01:10

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Faraday's law state that the induced emf is the negative change in the magnetic flux per unit of time. Any change in the magnetic field or change in the orientation of the area of the coil with respect to the magnetic field induces a voltage (emf). The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines through a given surface area. Magnetic flux is estimated from the integral of the dot product of the magnetic field vector and the area vector. The negative sign describes the...
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Faraday Disk Dynamo01:23

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A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator, producing an emf that is constant in time. It consists of a conducting disk that rotates with a constant angular velocity in the magnetic field, perpendicular to the disk's plane. The rotation of the disk causes a change in magnetic flux, which induces an emf, causing opposite charges to develop on the rim and in the center of the disk. The polarity of the induced emf can be determined by the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the...
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

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Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
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Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics
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Phase-conjugate mirror for water waves driven by the Faraday instability.

Vincent Bacot1, Guillaume Durey1, Antonin Eddi2

  • 1Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 19, 2019
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Summary

The Faraday instability in oscillating liquids can act as a phase-conjugate mirror, generating time-reversed waves. This effect is independent of receptacle shape, offering efficient wave manipulation.

Keywords:
Faraday instabilityphase-conjugate mirrorwater wavewave control

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Nonlinear physics
  • Wave phenomena

Background:

  • Faraday instability arises from vertical oscillations in liquid baths.
  • Boundary conditions typically dictate the resulting ripple patterns.
  • The potential for time-reversal symmetry has been overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase-conjugate mirror properties of Faraday instability.
  • To demonstrate spatial localization and time-reversal capabilities.
  • To explore shape independence in Faraday-based phase conjugation.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup using water baths with varying depths.
  • Inducing Faraday instability via vertical oscillations.
  • Analyzing wave generation and propagation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Faraday instability acts as a phase-conjugate mirror, analogous to optical systems.
  • Demonstrated generation of counterpropagating phase-conjugated waves.
  • Confirmed shape independence of the phase-conjugate mirror property.

Conclusions:

  • Periodic modulation of effective gravity enables efficient time-reversal of water waves.
  • Faraday instability offers a novel platform for wave manipulation and time-reversal.
  • This phenomenon has significant implications for controlling wave dynamics.