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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Live-cell Imaging of Endocytic Transport using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
Published on: October 17, 2025
The endocytic pathways of carbon dots in human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells
Yuanyuan Wei1,2, Xiaoye Jin1,2,3, Tingting Kong1,2
1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Objectives:
This study aimed at investigating cellular uptake pathways of carbon dots (CDs) in human adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line ACC-2.
Materials And Methods:
We synthesized CDs using a hydrothermal method with citric acid and polyethylenimine (PEI, Mw = 25 000). The CDs incubated with the ACC-2 cells showed their bioimaging capabilities using a confocal microscopy test. Flow cytometry was used to analyse cellular uptake pathways of CDs in ACC-2 cells.
Results:
Our findings indicated that CDs possessed good biocompatibility in ACC-2 cells. CDs were endocytosed mainly via micropinocytosis and energy-dependent pathways.
Conclusions:
In general, these findings suggested that CDs had excellent biomedical imaging properties for ACC-2 cells and there was a potential opportunity to develop biomedical applications.
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