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Forensic Transcriptomics: Research Progress of the Past Two Decades.

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Forensic transcriptomics has advanced significantly, using messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) for crime scene investigations. Future work focuses on overcoming challenges to fully realize its potential in forensic science.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Transcriptomics, particularly non-coding transcriptomics, has seen major advancements due to sequencing and data science.
  • Early forensic transcriptomics focused on messenger RNA (mRNA) for source tracing and degradation analysis.
  • Recent developments expanded to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), revealing their regulatory and epigenetic roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and latest advances in forensic transcriptomics.
  • To highlight the potential of transcriptomics in various forensic applications.
  • To identify future challenges and research directions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric analysis of forensic transcriptomics literature.
  • Review of technological advancements from mRNA typing to high-throughput sequencing.
  • Integration of transcriptomics with deep learning and multimodal analysis.

Main Results:

  • Technological progression enabled detailed biomaterial analysis and understanding of transcriptomic changes.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) offer potential in polymorphism studies, tissue tracing, RNA molecular clock, and toxicology.
  • Modern transcriptomics can characterize dynamic spatiotemporal features of forensic samples.

Conclusions:

  • Forensic transcriptomics has evolved significantly, offering powerful tools for investigations.
  • Further research is needed to address standardization, sample handling, ethics, and interpretation.
  • Overcoming these obstacles is crucial for the next decade of forensic transcriptomics development.