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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Functions of Smooth Muscles01:23

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Smooth muscles are an important type of muscle tissue that plays a vital role in the involuntary movements of internal organs. For example, they help regulate the movement of food through the gut and the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
Function of visceral smooth muscles
Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of all hollow organs, except the heart, and is a key player in the involuntary movements that drive the functioning of these internal organs. This tissue is arranged in...
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
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Frost Resistant Concrete01:29

Frost Resistant Concrete

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Concrete's susceptibility to frost damage during freeze-thaw cycles demands strategic measures to enhance its frost resistance. Employing techniques like air entrainment, adjusting the water-cement ratio, proper curing, and selecting appropriate aggregates are essential.
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Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

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The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
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Longitudinal Changes in Muscle Mass and Function in Older Men at Increased Risk for Sarcopenia - The FrOST-Study.

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  • 1Professor Dr. Wolfgang Kemmler, Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91 91052 Erlangen, Germany, Tel: 0049 9131-8523999, Fax: 0049 9131-8522824,

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Muscle mass and function decline differently in older men. Lower body muscle mass decreased, while upper body muscle function declined significantly more than lower body function over 24 months.

Keywords:
Late-Life Function and Disability InstrumentSkeletal muscle massdynamopeniagait velocityhandgrip strength

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Muscle Physiology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Muscle mass and function inevitably decline with advanced aging.
  • Longitudinal data on these changes in at-risk populations are limited.
  • This study examined sarcopenia criteria in older men with low muscle mass over 24 months.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare changes in muscle mass and function across the body.
  • To test the hypothesis that fat-free mass and function decline faster in lower vs. upper extremities.
  • To provide insights into the differential aging of muscle compartments.

Main Methods:

  • An observational study followed 177 men (average age 77.5 years) for 24 months.
  • Measurements included fat-free mass (Bio-Impedance Analysis), handgrip strength, and gait velocity.
  • Data were collected at baseline and at the 24-month follow-up.

Main Results:

  • Lower extremity fat-free mass decreased by 2.0% (p<.001).
  • Handgrip strength declined by 12.8% (p<.001) and gait velocity by 3.5% (p<.001).
  • Upper extremity fat-free mass remained unchanged, but upper extremity function (handgrip) declined 3.7-fold more than lower extremity function (gait velocity).

Conclusions:

  • Morphological and functional sarcopenia criteria exhibit varying rates of decline during aging.
  • Clinicians should consider these differential changes in diagnosing and managing sarcopenia.
  • Aging impacts muscle mass and function differently between upper and lower extremities.