Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

1.6K
Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
1.6K
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

878
Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
878
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

3.6K
When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
3.6K
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

4.4K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
4.4K
Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

11.9K
The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
11.9K
CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

732
Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
732

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

From clinical phenotypes to molecular stratification: early differential diagnosis of four-repeat tauopathies.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2026
Same author

Emerging directions in tauopathy research.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026
Same author

Authors' Comments on "Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: Navigating the Roadblocks to Clinical Implementation".

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2026
Same author

Thalamic oscillations distinguish natural states of consciousness in humans.

Nature human behaviour·2026
Same author

The future digital outpatient clinic for movement disorders: from technological innovation to ethical and systemic implementation-a position paper.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same author

Reply to: "Biomarker-Based Corticobasal Syndrome Classification: The Added Value of Deep Phenotyping and Population Diversity".

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2026
Same journal

Mind the gender gap: how defining head trauma increases reporting in women aged 30-50.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same journal

Traditional Chinese medicine interventions for post-stroke cognitive impairment: an evidence mapping.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same journal

Acupuncture is independently associated with improved recovery in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a prospective observational study.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same journal

A convergence of global epidemics: diabetes as a modulator of neurodegenerative and neuro-inflammatory disorders.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same journal

Lumbar puncture opening pressure, brain network hub integrity, and delirium in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a prospective cohort study.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same journal

Sleep deprivation: a comprehensive review of multisystem impacts, underlying mechanisms, and emerging interventions.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
11:12

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Published on: July 16, 2014

23.1K

Deep Brain Stimulation Programming 2.0: Future Perspectives for Target Identification and Adaptive Closed Loop

Franz Hell1,2, Carla Palleis1,3, Jan H Mehrkens4

  • 1Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.

Frontiers in Neurology
|April 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a key treatment for movement disorders. Optimizing electrode placement and programming, especially using network targeting and closed-loop systems, enhances DBS efficacy and reduces side effects for neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Keywords:
DBS targetadaptivedeep brain stimulationfeedbackmachine learningreinforcement learning

More Related Videos

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
11:09

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2014

14.6K
Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
05:44

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Published on: July 14, 2016

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
11:12

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Published on: July 16, 2014

23.1K
Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
11:09

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2014

14.6K
Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function
05:44

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

Published on: July 14, 2016

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for movement disorders.
  • Its application is expanding to neurological and psychiatric conditions.
  • Accurate electrode placement and device programming are crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of current research on DBS target structures and targeting strategies.
  • To explore novel technologies for future DBS programming and parameter selection.
  • To highlight the importance of network-based targeting for improved clinical effects and reduced side effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on DBS targets and strategies.
  • Synopsis of emerging technologies in DBS programming.
  • Focus on closed-loop stimulation and biofeedback mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Widespread networks connected to DBS targets are critical for treatment efficacy.
  • Improved targeting of anatomical and functional networks enhances clinical outcomes.
  • Novel technologies, including closed-loop systems, promise more personalized and effective DBS.

Conclusions:

  • Precision in targeting anatomical and functional networks is essential for optimizing DBS therapy.
  • Future advancements in DBS programming, particularly closed-loop stimulation, will improve patient outcomes and minimize adverse effects.
  • Continued research into network connectivity and advanced technologies will further refine DBS applications for a broader range of disorders.