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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

553
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Other Unique Bacteria01:18

Other Unique Bacteria

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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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Second Uniqueness Theorem01:16

Second Uniqueness Theorem

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Consider a region consisting of several individual conductors with a definite charge density in the region between these conductors. The second uniqueness theorem states that if the total charge on each conductor and the charge density in the in-between region are known, then the electric field can be uniquely determined.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
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Seeds: A Unique System to Study Translational Regulation.

Nikita Sajeev1, Bing Bai1, Leónie Bentsink1

  • 1Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory website: www.pph.wur.nl.

Trends in Plant Science
|April 21, 2019
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Summary

Seeds store messenger RNA (mRNA) and selectively translate it upon germination, acting as a biological

Keywords:
long-lived mRNAribosomeseed germinationtranslational regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology and molecular genetics
  • Gene expression regulation

Background:

  • Seeds store messenger RNA (mRNA) throughout development.
  • Germination triggers a transition from a quiescent to a metabolically active state.
  • Translational control is crucial during seed germination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore mRNA fate and translational regulation in seeds.
  • To highlight the role of translation as a key gene regulatory mechanism.
  • To propose seeds as a model system for studying regulated translation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing findings and hypotheses.
  • Analysis of translational control during seed germination.
  • Investigation of mRNA storage and selective translation.

Main Results:

  • Seeds possess a unique 'on/off' switch for translation, regulated by development.
  • Extensive translational control mechanisms are active during seed germination.
  • Stored mRNAs are selectively translated upon imbibition.

Conclusions:

  • Translation is a critical, yet often overlooked, mode of gene regulation.
  • Seeds offer a novel and powerful system for investigating developmentally and physiologically regulated translation.