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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays
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Flow controllable three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic analytical devices fabricated by 3D printing technology.

Xian Fu1, Bing Xia2, Baocheng Ji1

  • 1Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 93 South Keyuan Road, Gaoxin Distinct, Chengdu, 610041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|April 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Digital light processing stereolithography (DLP-SLA) 3D printing enables automated fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (3D-μPADs). This innovation allows for controlled fluid flow, paving the way for automated and programmable complex assays.

Keywords:
3D printingAirflowElectric fieldFlow controllabilityPaper-based microfluidic analytical devices

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • 3D Printing Technology

Background:

  • Traditional three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (3D-μPADs) are typically fabricated manually through stacking or folding.
  • Manual fabrication methods are prone to human error and limit the complexity and automation of assays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce digital light processing stereolithography (DLP-SLA) 3D printing for the automated fabrication of 3D-μPADs.
  • To develop a method for controlling fluid flow in 3D-μPADs for sequential reagent delivery.
  • To demonstrate the potential of these devices for complex, automated assays.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D-μPADs using DLP-SLA 3D printing with integrated pauses for paper placement.
  • Development of fluid flow control mechanisms using electric fields or airflow.
  • Proof-of-concept colorimetric assay for demonstrating flow controllability and detecting glucose and albumin.

Main Results:

  • Successful automated fabrication of 3D-μPADs using DLP-SLA, ensuring automatic bonding and alignment of paper layers.
  • Demonstrated controllable fluid flow, overcoming the limitation of spontaneous flow in previous designs.
  • Achieved sensitive detection limits for glucose (0.8 mM) and albumin (3.5 μM), meeting clinical requirements.

Conclusions:

  • DLP-SLA 3D printing offers an efficient and automated method for producing 3D-μPADs.
  • The developed flow control strategies enable programmable fluid handling, essential for complex assays.
  • These advanced 3D-μPADs hold significant promise for automating and enhancing the capabilities of paper-based analytical devices.