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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Power engineers have introduced the concept of complex power to determine the cumulative effect of parallel loads. This idea plays a crucial role in power analysis because it encompasses all the details related to the power consumed by a specific load.
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Crystal Field Theory
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Bronchiectasis: A Complex, Heterogeneous Disease.

Miguel Angel Martínez-García1, Casilda Olveira2, Luis Máiz3

  • 1Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.

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The traditional disease-centered approach to respiratory medicine is shifting towards personalized, patient-oriented care. This review examines the bronchiectasis syndrome as a complex, multidimensional condition, highlighting current knowledge and future directions.

Keywords:
Actividad biomarcadorBSIBiomarker activityClinical phenotypesComplejidadComplexityE-FACEDEndotiposEndotypesFACEDFenotipos clínicosGravedadHeterogeneidadHeterogeneityImpactImpactoMedicina personalizadaPersonalized medicine: BSISeverity

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine
  • Translational Medicine
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Traditional respiratory medicine often employs an Oslerian, disease-centric approach.
  • Lung diseases are increasingly recognized as complex and heterogeneous, necessitating a paradigm shift.
  • The concept of bronchiectasis as a syndrome is evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of bronchiectasis as a multidimensional, systemic, and complex disease.
  • To explore recent advances and identify future research needs in bronchiectasis.
  • To propose tools for integrating a holistic view of bronchiectasis into clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of bronchiectasis research.
  • Analysis of the shift from disease-centered to patient-centered medicine.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge and identification of knowledge gaps.

Main Results:

  • Bronchiectasis is increasingly viewed as a complex syndrome rather than a simple disease.
  • Significant advances have been made, but substantial areas for future research remain.
  • A multidimensional, systemic perspective is crucial for understanding bronchiectasis.

Conclusions:

  • The management of bronchiectasis requires a move towards personalized, precise, and patient-oriented strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize the heterogeneity of bronchiectasis.
  • Implementing holistic approaches and practical tools can enhance clinical care for bronchiectasis.