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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water
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Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

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Aluminum toxicity to bone: A multisystem effect?

Gordon L Klein1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.

Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
|April 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aluminum (Al) accumulation poses risks for patients with impaired kidney function, leading to bone fractures and organ damage. Careful selection of medical products is crucial to minimize exposure and prevent aluminum toxicity.

Keywords:
Aluminum toxicityBoneLiverOsteomalaciaParathyroid glands

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Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Aluminum (Al) is abundant in the environment and food.
  • Normal kidney function prevents Al accumulation from oral intake.
  • Impaired renal function allows Al to accumulate in organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the risks of aluminum accumulation in patients with renal impairment.
  • To detail the toxic effects of aluminum on the body.
  • To identify sources of aluminum contamination in medical products.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on aluminum toxicology and sources.
  • Analysis of Al accumulation pathways in patients with renal dysfunction.
  • Identification of common medical products contaminated with Al.

Main Results:

  • Aluminum accumulation occurs in bone, parathyroids, liver, spleen, and kidney in patients with impaired renal function.
  • Toxic effects include osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism, anemia, and hepatotoxicity.
  • Sources of contamination include parenteral nutrition, dialysis fluids, and contaminated pharmaceutical ingredients.

Conclusions:

  • Physicians must be aware of the long-standing problem of Al contamination.
  • Choosing pharmaceutical products with lower Al content is recommended.
  • Regulatory agencies should mandate clear labeling of Al content in medical products.