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Impedances and Admittance

Impedances and Admittance

In the realm of AC circuits, passive circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors take on a different character when characterized by phasor voltage and current. Their behavior is expressed through impedance, a vital concept in AC circuit analysis.
Impedance is a measure of resistance to sinusoidal current flow in an AC circuit. Unlike their behavior in DC circuits, where inductors appear as short circuits and capacitors as open circuits, the behavior of these components in AC...

Impedance Combination

Impedance Combination

Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage...

Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line

Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line

Calculating series impedances for a three-phase overhead line involves evaluating resistances and inductive reactances in a network with three-phase and multiple neutral conductors grounded at regular intervals.
Using Kirchhoff's laws, an integro-differential equation for the network is derived. This equation accounts for unbalanced phase currents, which may induce return currents through neutral wires and the earth, seeking the least impedance path. Earth return conductors can replace the...

Bus Impedance Matrix

Bus Impedance Matrix

Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

When current flow is opposed in a DC or AC circuit, it is referred to as resistance or impedance, respectively. Impedance plays a key role in determining the performance of AC circuits. It is represented by Z, which is a combination of resistance and reactance, and depends upon the angular frequency, measured in ohms.
Thus, the magnitude of the impedance is given by the following equation,

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

Published on: December 29, 2015

Multichannel Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Analyzer with Microfluidic Sensors.

Jaan Ojarand¹, Mart Min², Ants Koel³

¹Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia. jaan.ojarand@taltech.ee.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 24, 2019

Summary

A new, affordable impedance spectroscopy analyzer improves signal acquisition for microfluidic devices. This advancement enhances sensitivity for point-of-care diagnostics and lab-on-a-chip applications.

Keywords:

calibration differential measurement front-end electronics impedance spectroscopy lab-on-a-chip label-free detection microfluidic sensor non-faradaic

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Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Electrotaxis Studies of Lung Cancer Cells using a Multichannel Dual-electric-field Microfluidic Chip

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Published on: December 29, 2015

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

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Published on: August 30, 2012

Performing In Vivo and Ex Vivo Electrical Impedance Myography in Rodents

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Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Impedance spectroscopy is crucial for evaluating biological material electrical properties.
Microfluidic devices face challenges with sensitive signal acquisition from small sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a compact, cost-effective impedance spectroscopy analyzer for microfluidic applications.
To enhance signal acquisition sensitivity and reduce measurement deficiencies in small-volume sensing.

Main Methods:

Designed a novel analyzer with three-sensor capability (direct and differential modes).
Implemented an optimized sensor design, measurement technique, electronics, and signal processing.
Focused on mechanical design for improved analyzer performance.

Main Results:

The developed analyzer demonstrated good working ability for impedance spectroscopy measurements.
Novel design elements successfully reduced common measurement deficiencies.
Identified areas for further improvement and future development.

Conclusions:

The analyzer shows promise for reliable point-of-care diagnostic and monitoring devices.
Further development can integrate this technology into lab-on-a-chip systems.
The study highlights the potential of optimized impedance spectroscopy for microfluidic diagnostics.