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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound...
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Modulated Continuous Wave Control for Energy-Efficient Electron-Nuclear Spin Coupling.

J Casanova1,2, E Torrontegui3, M B Plenio4

  • 1Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.

Physical Review Letters
|April 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed energy-efficient microwave techniques to link electron and nuclear spins. These methods are useful for biological systems, nanoscale NMR, and quantum information processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Magnetic resonance

Background:

  • Coupling electron and nuclear spins is crucial for applications like quantum information processing and nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
  • Existing methods often face limitations in biological systems due to microwave power constraints or in high magnetic field environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop energy-efficient, continuous microwave control schemes for coupling electron and nuclear spins.
  • To enable spin coupling across frequency differences using phase or amplitude modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing continuous microwave irradiation with phase or amplitude modulation.
  • Designing schemes to bridge the frequency gap between electron and nuclear spins.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated energy-efficient microwave schemes for electron-nuclear spin coupling.
  • Developed methods applicable to systems with limited microwave power (biological systems) and high Larmor frequencies (high magnetic fields).

Conclusions:

  • The developed microwave control schemes offer a versatile approach for various applications.
  • These techniques are suitable for nanoscale NMR, enhancing thermal nuclear polarization and chemical shifts.
  • The methods are also applicable to quantum information processors and advanced nuclear polarization schemes.