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Related Concept Videos

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value01:13

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value

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In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity is the...
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Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity01:20

Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity

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Description
Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
The test can identify various pathogens responsible for respiratory infections, including Streptococcus,...
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Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
Basic Characteristics of Cells
A living cell has a plasma membrane, a bilayer of lipids that separates the aqueous solution inside the cell called the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
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Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

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Cosensitization in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Jacqueline M Cole1,2,3,4, Giulio Pepe1, Othman K Al Bahri1

  • 1Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.

Chemical Reviews
|April 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cosensitization enhances dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) by using multiple dyes for broader light absorption. This review explores seven strategies for optimizing DSCs with complementary dyes for improved performance.

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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer unique applications due to transparency and ambient light performance.
  • Their flexibility enables use in wearable devices and textiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and classify cosensitization strategies in DSCs.
  • To highlight the potential of cosensitization beyond efficiency gains.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of seven distinct dye combination methods for DSCs.
  • Development of molecular-engineering strategies for cosensitization.

Main Results:

  • Cosensitization utilizes multiple dyes with complementary optical absorption.
  • Ideal dye combinations achieve panchromatic absorption, mimicking solar spectrum.

Conclusions:

  • Cosensitization is key to maximizing light harvesting in DSCs.
  • Seven molecular-engineering strategies are presented for tailored DSC device function.