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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
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Types Of Collisions - I01:04

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When two objects come in direct contact with each other, it is called a collision. During a collision, two or more objects exert forces on each other in a relatively short amount of time. A collision can be categorized as either an elastic or inelastic collision. If two or more objects approach each other, collide and then bounce off, moving away from each other with the same relative speed at which they approached each other, the total kinetic energy of the system is said to be conserved. This...
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Types of Collisions - II01:19

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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
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Elastic Collisions: Introduction01:00

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An elastic collision is one that conserves both internal kinetic energy and momentum. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in a system. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic, as some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. An example of a nearly...
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Elastic Collisions: Case Study01:15

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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Do-it-yourself System for Scheduled Feeding of Laboratory Rodents in Their Home Cage
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Collision-Free Advertisement Scheduling for IEEE 802.15.4-TSCH Networks.

Apostolos Karalis1, Dimitrios Zorbas2, Christos Douligeris3

  • 1Department of Informatics, University of Piraeus, 18534 Piraeus, Greece. akaralis@unipi.gr.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method to eliminate collisions in IEEE802.15.4-time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) enhanced beacon (EB) scheduling. The proposed autonomous approach significantly reduces node joining times and energy consumption, even with mobile nodes.

Keywords:
IEEE802.15.4-TSCHIIoTmobilitynetwork formation

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Area of Science:

  • Networking protocols
  • Wireless communication systems
  • Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

Background:

  • IEEE802.15.4-time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) is vital for reliable, low-power wireless networking in IIoT.
  • Enhanced beacons (EB) are crucial for network formation, but their scheduling impacts node joining time and power consumption.
  • Randomized EB scheduling methods often lead to performance-degrading collisions, including full collisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the collision risks associated with randomized EB scheduling in IEEE802.15.4-TSCH networks.
  • To propose a novel, autonomous EB scheduling method that eliminates collisions without increasing power consumption.
  • To evaluate the proposed method's performance against existing non-centralized scheduling techniques, considering both fixed and mobile network topologies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of collision probabilities in randomized EB scheduling.
  • Development of a novel autonomous EB scheduling algorithm.
  • Comparative simulation study evaluating joining time and energy consumption.

Main Results:

  • Randomized EB scheduling exhibits a significant probability of collisions, particularly full collisions.
  • The proposed autonomous scheduling method effectively eliminates EB collisions.
  • Simulations show the proposed method outperforms existing techniques in reducing joining time and energy consumption.
  • Performance advantages are maintained even in networks with mobile nodes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed autonomous EB scheduling method is the first non-centralized solution to guarantee collision elimination in IEEE802.15.4-TSCH networks.
  • This method offers superior performance in terms of joining time and energy efficiency compared to state-of-the-art approaches.
  • The approach is robust and effective for both static and dynamic network environments, including those with mobile nodes.