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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Pluripotent Stem Cell Heterogeneity.

Yohei Hayashi1, Kiyoshi Ohnuma2,3, Miho K Furue4

  • 1iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, Ibaraki, Japan.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exhibit significant heterogeneity, impacting research reproducibility. Developing methods to detect, reduce, and control this variability in human PSCs is crucial for reliable scientific outcomes.

Keywords:
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)Human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Cellular heterogeneity

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, display inherent heterogeneity.
  • This variability affects pluripotency, self-renewal, and other critical cellular traits.
  • Heterogeneity can manifest across different cell lines, within a single cell line, and over time in individual cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the pervasive nature of PSC heterogeneity.
  • To emphasize the negative impact of this heterogeneity on research reproducibility.
  • To underscore the need for novel methods to manage PSC variability in experimental settings.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews existing knowledge on PSC heterogeneity.
  • It discusses genetic and epigenetic factors contributing to variability.
  • It examines temporal fluctuations in gene and protein expression within PSCs.

Main Results:

  • PSC heterogeneity is a complex phenomenon influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and temporal factors.
  • This variability is observed at multiple levels: between cell lines, within cell lines, and across time.
  • Current research reproducibility is compromised by unaddressed PSC heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Researchers must acknowledge and account for PSC heterogeneity in experimental design and data interpretation.
  • Developing robust methods for detecting, reducing, and controlling PSC heterogeneity is a critical research priority.
  • Addressing PSC variability is essential for advancing stem cell research and its applications.