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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
Published on: August 31, 2017
Sulfur isotopes in diamonds reveal differences in continent construction
Karen V Smit1, Steven B Shirey2, Erik H Hauri2
1Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA. ksmit@gia.edu.
Neoproterozoic diamonds reveal ancient sulfur signatures from Earth's surface trapped in the mantle. This indicates early tectonic processes, including subduction, played a key role in forming the continental lithosphere billions of years ago.
Area of Science:
- Geochemistry
- Isotope Geology
- Tectonics
Background:
- Neoproterozoic diamonds from West Africa contain sulfide inclusions with unique sulfur isotope signatures.
- Mass-independent fractionation (MIF) of sulfur isotopes in these inclusions suggests a link to Archean surface processes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the origin of MIF sulfur isotopes in West African diamonds.
- To understand the role of tectonic processes in incorporating surficial signatures into the mantle.
- To correlate diamond formation and sulfur isotope records with craton evolution.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of sulfur isotopes in sulfide inclusions within Neoproterozoic diamonds.
- Geological and geochronological investigation of diamond-bearing cratons (West African, Slave, Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe).
Main Results:
- West African diamonds contain MIF sulfur isotopes, tracing Archean surface signatures into the mantle.
- Two distinct subduction episodes are recorded: ~3 billion years ago (lithosphere thickening) and ~650 million years ago (reworking and diamond growth).
- Younger diamonds from Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, and West African cratons contain MIF sulfur, unlike older Slave craton diamonds.
Conclusions:
- The sulfur isotope record in diamond inclusions reflects changes in tectonic processes during Archean continental lithosphere formation.
- Craton construction, particularly by advective thickening of mantle lithosphere via subduction, is linked to the presence of MIF sulfur.
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