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    This study introduces a fully automated artificial pancreas (AP) system for Type I diabetes management. The robust AP design uses learned patient behavior patterns to precisely control insulin delivery without manual input, even during meals.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Control Systems
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • Type I diabetes requires continuous glucose monitoring and insulin management.
    • Automated insulin delivery systems (artificial pancreas) face challenges from unpredictable daily disturbances like meals and exercise.
    • Existing systems often require manual patient input, such as meal announcements, limiting full automation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a fully closed-loop artificial pancreas (AP) controller for automated insulin delivery in Type I diabetes.
    • To address the challenge of 'unknown disturbances' (meals, physical activity) impacting blood glucose control.
    • To achieve precise, personalized, and automated insulin therapy without requiring manual patient interaction.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a data-driven, robust, model-predictive control (MPC) framework.
    • Utilizing uncertainty sets learned from historical data to model individual meal and exercise patterns.
    • In silico evaluation using virtual patients and diverse meal profiles to test the AP controller's performance.

    Main Results:

    • The robust AP design successfully regulated glucose levels in extensive in silico evaluations.
    • The system demonstrated effective control even with significant carbohydrate disturbances, mimicking real-world meal impacts.
    • Automated insulin delivery was achieved without the need for explicit meal announcements from the patient.

    Conclusions:

    • A fully automated, closed-loop artificial pancreas system is feasible and effective.
    • The proposed robust MPC framework successfully handles unpredictable disturbances in daily life.
    • This approach offers a promising path towards precise, personalized, and hands-free insulin therapy for Type I diabetes.