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Generic extraction medium: From highly polar to non-polar simultaneous determination
Shakiba Zeinali1, Mehrdad Khalilzadeh1, Habib Bagheri1
1Environmental and Bio-Analytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran.
Analytica Chimica Acta
|April 28, 2019
Summary
Developing a novel extraction material is crucial for non-target analysis, overcoming limitations in simultaneously extracting polar and non-polar compounds. This study presents a modified Amberlite XAD-4 with a carboxyl group (XAD-COOH) that demonstrates superior extraction efficiency for diverse analytes compared to commercial sorbents.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Materials Science
- Environmental Science
Background:
- Simultaneous extraction of polar and non-polar analytes in non-target analysis is a significant challenge.
- Existing commercial solid sorbents often lack the comprehensive capability to retain analytes with diverse physiochemical properties.
- Combining hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalities in extraction materials is a promising strategy for broader analyte retention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a versatile extraction platform for simultaneous retention of polar and non-polar compounds.
- To synthesize and characterize novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials by functionalizing Amberlite XAD-4 with polar groups.
- To evaluate the extraction efficiency and applicability of the synthesized materials for non-target analysis.
Main Methods:
- Four polar functional groups (NH2, NO2, COOH, COCH3) were chemically grafted onto Amberlite XAD-4 substrate.
- Online micro solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-Vis detection (HPLC-UV) was employed.
- Extraction recoveries of 22 analytes (LogP range -2 to +7) were assessed and compared against commercial sorbents using statistical analyses (t-test, PCA, HCA).
Main Results:
- Amberlite XAD-4 modified with a carboxyl group (XAD-COOH) exhibited statistically superior extraction efficiencies compared to LiChrolut® EN, Oasis® HLB, and unmodified Amberlite® XAD-4®.
- XAD-COOH demonstrated good reproducibility and repeatability, with comparable swellability to commercial materials.
- Analysis of real-world samples (crude oil spill water, urine, hospital wastewater) confirmed the dominance of XAD-COOH for screening analysis when compared to LiChrolut® EN.
Conclusions:
- The developed XAD-COOH material serves as a highly effective generic extraction platform for non-target analysis.
- This novel sorbent overcomes the limitations of commercial materials in simultaneously extracting analytes with wide polarity ranges.
- XAD-COOH shows significant potential for broad application in environmental and biological sample screening.
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