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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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Hematuria.

Leah M Peterson1, Henry S Reed2

  • 1Smoky Hill Family Medicine Residency Program, Salina, KS, USA.

Primary Care
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Hematuria, or blood in urine, requires evaluation. Gross hematuria carries a high malignancy risk, necessitating urologic referral, while microscopic hematuria often has benign causes but may need further investigation.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Nephrology
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Hematuria (blood in urine) is a frequent finding in primary care.
  • It is categorized into gross (visible) and microscopic (detected via urinalysis).
  • A comprehensive history and physical examination are crucial for identifying causes and malignancy risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic approach for hematuria in primary care.
  • To differentiate between gross and microscopic hematuria evaluations.
  • To emphasize risk stratification for malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Thorough patient history and physical examination.
  • Risk assessment for malignancy, particularly with gross hematuria.
  • Diagnostic work-up for microscopic hematuria, including laboratory tests and imaging.
Keywords:
CT urographyCystoscopyGross hematuriaHematuriaMicroscopic hematuriaUrine cytology

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  • Subspecialty referral guidelines.

    • Main Results:

    • Gross hematuria presents a >10% risk of malignancy, mandating prompt urologic referral.
    • Microscopic hematuria commonly stems from benign conditions like infections, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or urinary stones.
    • Persistent microscopic hematuria without a clear benign cause requires further investigation for intrinsic renal disease.

    Conclusions:

    • Prompt urologic referral is essential for patients with gross hematuria due to significant malignancy risk.
    • Microscopic hematuria evaluation should systematically rule out benign causes before considering intrinsic renal disease.
    • A structured approach involving primary care, nephrology, and urology ensures comprehensive hematuria management.