Effect of scaffold architecture on cell seeding efficiency: A discrete phase model CFD analysis

Within perfusion cell culture systems, scaffold architecture is able to control important biological parameters such as permeability and fluid flow-induced shear stress. As well, one of the main factors affecting the final fate of this process as well as optimal cell differentiation and proliferation in these systems is initial adhesion of cells to scaffolds. In this study, the effect of scaffold architecture on the adhesion of the cells was computationally investigated. For this purpose, four scaffold models including double-diamond, gyroid, FR-D, and Schwarz-primitive were designed using triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) geometry with a constant porosity of 80%. As well, the inlet velocity of zero to simulate static cell culture and three different inlet velocities for modeling the dynamic cell culture conditions were also selected. The results showed that cell culture efficiency of scaffolds could be changed up to seven times from architecture to architecture under the same conditions. The efficiency of cell culture in scaffolds with tortuous architecture was also reported higher than those with relatively straight microchannels. In terms of culture methods, unlike dynamic cell culture model in which almost a homogeneous cell distribution was observed in static cell culture simulation, more cells adhered, but they had agglomerated in the scaffold entrance regions and had failed to reach all regions. The results of this study shed more light on the selection and design of scaffold architecture for optimal cell culture in tissue engineering.