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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Seasoning of wood is a crucial process aimed at reducing and stabilizing the moisture content within the wood to prevent future shrinkage, structural damage, or aesthetic issues once the wood is used in construction. Wood naturally swells when it absorbs moisture and contracts as it dries.
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Capturing Representative Hand Use at Home Using Egocentric Video in Individuals with Upper Limb Impairment
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Seasonal Variation in Hand and Upper Limb Soft Tissue Infections.

Robert Miller1, Sarah Pywell1, James Chan2

  • 1* Hand and Plastic Surgery Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.

The Journal of Hand Surgery Asian-Pacific Volume
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hand and upper limb bacterial infections show seasonal variation, with more cases in summer. Higher temperatures correlate with increased infection rates, suggesting environmental factors influence these common conditions.

Keywords:
EnvironmentSeasonsSoft tissue infectionUpper extremity infections

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hand and upper limb soft tissue infections cause significant disability and economic loss.
  • Seasonal variations are noted in many infections, but data on upper limb infections is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate seasonal patterns in acute bacterial hand and upper limb skin and soft tissue infections.
  • To correlate infection incidence with environmental factors like temperature and humidity.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 206 hand and upper limb soft tissue infection cases from a UK center (2006-2016).
  • Microbiological culture and sensitivity testing performed on specimens.
  • Statistical correlation analysis between case numbers, season, temperature, and humidity.

Main Results:

  • A significant increase in culture-positive infections was observed during summer compared to winter (p = 0.004).
  • Higher ambient temperatures showed a significant positive correlation with the number of culture-positive cases (r = 0.75).
  • No significant correlation was found between humidity and infection rates, or temperature and antibiotic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Hand and upper limb infections exhibit seasonal variability, linked to ambient temperature.
  • Understanding this seasonality can aid surgical planning, public health strategies, and antibiotic guidelines.
  • Further international research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.